• Excessive extracellular glutamate can be removed from

  2021-12-08

  

  Excessive extracellular glutamate can be removed from ibotenic acid interstitial fluids to the blood plasma for the maintenance of proper extracellular glutamate homeostasis in the mammalian central nervous system [[5], [6], [7]]. The glutamate concentration in the blood plasma increases in case of

• EAATs can transport glutamate aspartate cysteic acid and ser

  2021-12-08

  

  EAATs can transport glutamate, aspartate, cysteic acid, and serine-o-sulfate (Bjorn-Yoshimoto and Underhill, 2016). All EAATs work as symporters co-transporting 2 or 3 molecules of Na+ and a proton with each molecule of glutamate (or aspartate). In addition, a K+ ion is counter-transported ending in

• Tight junctions regulate the transfer of ions

  2021-12-08

  

  Tight junctions regulate the transfer of ions as well as small molecules across endothelial barriers (Li et al., 2015). We also investigated whether resistin affects tight junctions, which play an important role in the conformation of polarized endothelial barriers (Matsuzaki et al., 2010). A previo

• br Acknowledgements br Introduction Benzodiazepine BZ treatm

  2021-12-08

  

  Acknowledgements Introduction Benzodiazepine (BZ) treatment is widely used for quick and efficient anxiolytic and sedative responses. However, when the use is extended to longer periods, adverse effects emerge. These include tolerance to the initial drug effect, dependence as revealed by withd

• br Conclusions We have shown

  2021-12-08

  

  Conclusions We have shown that despite the development of severe insulin intolerance and marked alterations in whole body substrate oxidation that Gcgr−/− mice are protected against olanzapine-induced hyperglycemia. Our data provides evidence that this protective effect is likely due in large par

• How do myofibroblast sources compare between bone

  2021-12-08

  

  How do myofibroblast sources compare between bone marrow and other organs? Perivascular adenosine receptor antagonist with MSC properties significantly contribute to fibrosis in muscle, fat, skin, heart, kidney, lung, and liver (reviewed in Iwayama et al., 2015) and activate Gli1 in many of these o

• br Materials and methods br Results br

  2021-12-08

  

  Materials and methods Results Discussion Ghrelin is required for maintenance of glucose homeostasis under fasting conditions, and GHSR-null mice have low fasting blood glucose levels [5], [9]. In this study, we found that restoration of GHSR in nodose ganglion neurons rescued low fasting bl

• Two excellent GSMs with clear pharmacological effect across

  2021-12-08

  

  Two excellent GSMs with clear pharmacological effect across rats, dogs, monkeys, and human subjects are BMS-932481 and BMS-986133 with IC50 at 6.6 and 3.5 nM to reduce Aβ42, respectively. Both GSMs exhibit dose- and time-dependent activity in vivo by decreasing Aβ1-42 and Aβ1-40 levels while increas

• Type II diabetes is characterized by an inability

  2021-12-08

  

  Type II diabetes is characterized by an inability to maintain glucose homeostasis due to insulin desensitization and/or insufficient insulin secretion. GPR40, also known as free fatty bafilomycin a1 autophagy receptor 1 (FFAR1), is a member of the G-protein-coupled lipid-activated family of recepto

• Phosphorylation of the p Rel A dimer

  2021-12-08

  

  Phosphorylation of the p50-Rel A dimer, the most common form of NF-κB, leads to ubiquitination of IκB proteins (Fig. 2). Poly-ubiquitination of IκB proteins identifies them for rapid degradation by 26S proteasomes, thereby allowing NF-κB dimers to undergo nuclear translocation and activate the trans

• NT157 synthesis Recently considerable effort has been invest

  2021-12-08

  

  Recently, considerable effort has been invested in developing FDPS inhibitors based on alternative scaffolds (including nonbisphosphonates) that allow other tissue types and parasite-derived forms of FDPS , to be targeted. There are several limits in analyzing inhibitors of FDPS activity: the most

• AD is a major neurological disorder usually effecting the el

  2021-12-07

  

  AD is a major neurological disorder, usually effecting the elderly population, which is difficult to diagnose until symptoms begin to accumulate. As of 2013, approximately five million Americans were living with AD. The number with this disease is projected to be 16 million by 2050 (Hebert et al., 2

• br Introduction Activation of the lipid sensing receptor GPR

  2021-12-07

  

  Introduction Activation of the lipid sensing receptor, GPR55, by lysophosphatidyl inositol (LPI) has been well documented, and implicated in endocannabinoid signaling [1]. Intracellular events resulting from GPR55 activation include; enhanced β-arrestin activity, calcium mobilization and ERK1/2 p

• Oleamide Starting from commercially available dioxaspiro dec

  2021-12-07

  

  Starting from commercially available 1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decan-8-ol, was prepared by the synthetic sequence illustrated in . Aromatic nucleophilic substitution of 1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decan-8-ol, followed by an Oleamide catalyzed deprotection efficiently gave . A - enriched mixture of (/=∼3/2) was obt

• TPMPA br Author contributions br Acknowledgements The

  2021-12-07

  

  Author contributions Acknowledgements The work was financially supported by a grant from the Investigator-Initiated Studies Program (Ref. #38124) from Merck Sharp & Dohme, and, in part, from Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China (Ref. No.: 14110314), awa

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